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Vivian James Cook (born 1940) is Emeritus Professor of Applied Linguistics at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom. He is renowned for his work on second language acquisition and second language teaching, and for writing successful textbooks and popular books about linguistics. He has worked on a number of topics such as bilingualism, EFL (English as a Foreign Language), first language acquisition, second language teaching, linguistics, and the English writing system. He has published more than 20 books and 100 papers.〔http://homepage.ntlworld.com/vivian.c/Writings/VCpubs.htm〕 He was founder and first President of the European Second Language Association (EuroSLA),〔http://www.davidsingleton.net/clarion5/index.htm〕 and co-founder of the Oxford University Press journal ''Writing Systems Research''.〔Vivian Cook, Jyotsna Vaid, and Benedetta Bassetti Writing Systems Research: A new journal for a developing field http://wsr.oxfordjournals.org/content/vol1/issue1/index.dtl#EDITORIAL〕 ==Career== He started his career as a Lecturer in EFL and Director of Language Service in London, and during this time he published many innovative EFL textbooks (''Active Intonation'', 1968;〔Active Intonation, Longman, 1968.〕 ''Realistic English'', with B. Abbs and M. Underwood, 1968–70;〔Realistic English, 3 volumes (with B. Abbs and M. Underwood), OUP, 1968–1970.〕 ''English Topics'', 1975,〔English Topics, OUP, 1975.〕 ''Using Intonation'', 1979,〔Using Intonation, Longman, 1979.〕 ''English for Life'', 1980–1983〔English for Life, 3 volumes, Pergamon, 1980–1983.〕). In 1978 he became a Lecturer in Applied Linguistics at the University of Essex, and in 2004 he got his chair at Newcastle University. In the 1970s and 1980s Professor Cook introduced various research methods in second language acquisition research (elicited imitation, short-term memory measures,〔Cognitive processes in second language learning, IRAL, 15:1, 73–90, 1977〕 response times and micro artificial languages). He favoured an experimental approach to second language research and conducted various experiments. He wrote a very successful textbook about Noam Chomsky's theories (〔Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction, Blackwell’s, 1988 (3rd Edition 2007, with M. Newson)〕(Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction )), and related Universal Grammar to second language acquisition and teaching.〔Chomsky's Universal Grammar and second language learning, Applied Linguistics, 6, 1–8, 1985.〕 He also published papers on second language teaching, and developed Computer-Assisted Language Learning programs for learning English as a Foreign Language, including adventure games and syntactic parsing programs.〔'Communication games with a microcomputer', World Language English, 3, 2, 1984〕〔'Natural language processing by computer and language teaching', (with D. Fass), System, 14/2, 163–170, 1986〕 In the early 1990s he proposed the multi-competence approach to second language acquisition.〔'The poverty-of-the-stimulus argument and multi-competence', Second Language Research, 7, 2, 103–117, 1991〕 Multi-competence is 'the knowledge of two languages in one mind', and it holds that those who know more than one language have different minds from those with only one language, because knowing two languages changes the way people use their first language,〔Effects of the Second Language on the First, Multilingual Matters, 2003 (Ed.)〕 and even the way they think. These multicompetent individuals should be called 'L2 users' (pronounced 'L two users') rather than 'second language learners', because the word 'second' has negative connotations, and the word 'learner' should only be applied to those who are learning a language (just like a native speaker is not called a 'first language learner').〔Cook, V.J. (2002) Background to the L2 user. In V.J. Cook (ed.) Portraits of the L2 User (pp. 1–28). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.〕 All human beings have the potential for becoming multi-competent, so monolinguals are not indicative of what the human mind can achieve. This has implications for language learners and teachers, for instance the purpose of L2 learning is to become a multicompetent user of more than one language, not to become a copycat of a native speaker of another language; the native speaker is not the best L2 teacher; L2 learners are allowed to use their first language in the classroom.〔The goals of ELT: reproducing native-speakers or promoting multi-competence among second language users?, in J. Cummins and C. Davison (Eds.), Handbook on English Language Teaching, Volume 2, Kluwer, 2007, 237–248.〕 Also, teachers and learners must bear in mind that L2 learning changes how people think.〔Linguistic relativity and language teaching. In V. Cook and B. Bassetti, Language and Bilingual Cognition, Psychology Press, 2010,〕 In a paper dated 1997 Cook first argued that knowledge of more than one language can change how people think.〔The consequences of bilingualism for cognitive processing, in A.M. de Groot and J.F. Kroll (Eds.), Tutorials in Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Perspectives, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997.〕 He then provided evidence in the first ever workshop devoted to the topic (workshop on ‘Bilingual Cognition’, 2002, within the European Second Language Association conference) and showcased research from a variety of disciplines and languages in his latest edited volume〔Language and cognition: The second language user (with B. Bassetti), in V. Cook and B. Bassetti (Eds.) Language and Bilingual Cognition, Psychology Press, 2010.〕 (''(Language and Bilingual Cognition )'', 2010, with Benedetta Bassetti). Vivian Cook has also researched writing systems, especially the English one. He published a successful textbook about English orthography,〔The English Writing System, Arnold, 2004.〕〔http://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Title/9780340808641/The_English_Writing_System.htm〕 co-edited a volume on how people read and write a second language,〔Second Language Writing Systems (with Benedetta Bassetti), Multilingual Matters, 2005.〕 and is currently editor of the journal ''(Writing Systems Research )'' (with Jyotsna Vaid and Benedetta Bassetti). In 2004 he published a successful popular book called ', which explains to the layperson how English orthography works in an entertaining but authoritative way. Vivian Cook has given talks all over the world, in Europe, China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Gaza, Iran, Israel, Canada and the US. His website presents his research and teaching, and includes SLABIB, a wide-ranging bibliography of second language acquisition: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/vivian.c/Vivian%20Cook.htm 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vivian Cook (academic)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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